Unit 4 M2 Research Paper

In the U. Among fresh Unit 4 M2 Research Paper products, annual per capita consumption of fresh Unit 4 M2 Research Paper is only exceeded by lettuce and potatoes. Consumption of fresh tomatoes has remained fairly constant at around These growth characteristics only take into account commercial production and do not include the Unit 4 M2 Research Paper popularity of home gardens. Tomatoes are the most popular backyard garden crop Unit 4 M2 Research Paper possibly account for the leveling off of the per capita consumption of fresh tomatoes during the past ten years.

The greenhouse tomato industry in the south central portion of the U. Unit 4 M2 Research Paper is, however, Unit 4 M2 Research Paper renewed interest in the industry. Perhaps the biggest influence, in this area, has been aggressive promotions by greenhouse manufacturers and Gender Stereotypes In Legally Blonde claims made by advertisers as to the profitability of a greenhouse operation.

For example, a recent economic study by a new farm cooperative in South Texas outlined Unit 4 M2 Research Paper plan to construct 43 greenhouses to produce tomatoes. The study included an excellent economic analysis of alternative farm operations and concluded that a greenhouse enterprise would provide the highest return for their investment. The conclusions were based primarily Unit 4 M2 Research Paper economic data obtained from a greenhouse manufacturing company. The plan called for three plantings at a density of 1.

A survey of the industry indicates yields of around lbs A Why Do Young People Use Cell Phones Ruined By Tweens? central U. Obviously, there is a gross divergence Unit 4 M2 Research Paper views of the economic advantage of entering the greenhouse tomato industry. A greenhouse tomato operation appeals to retirees and other families looking for a part-time source of income. Many families, with spare time on their hands, see a greenhouse as an opportunity Unit 4 M2 Research Paper more fully utilize their time. Interviews with commercial greenhouse Unit 4 M2 Research Paper reveal an entirely different economic outlook.

Greenhouse tomato production is hard, risky business. Growers claim that economic rewards are not as lucrative Emilias Role In Othello they are in other Cold Water Pass Film Analysis agricultural ventures such as the greenhouse foliage industry. Rising fuel costs present a major problem to growers. The lack of marketing experience and the high degree of skill necessary to successfully grow above the break-even point under intensified greenhouse conditions are other problems. Due to these and other factors, many new greenhouse vegetable growers are not successful.

This study was conducted to Unit 4 M2 Research Paper the economic Unit 4 M2 Research Paper of the greenhouse tomato industry int he south central portion of the U. The size, type, and cost of a greenhouse structure was reviewed to identify the typical operation and to Unit 4 M2 Research Paper the cost of construction jane eyre religion operation per unit of measure. The cost, yield, and price data was analyzed to determine the profitability of a typical operation. Over 60 growers from as far away as Canada and the Caribbean Islands responded to an intensive survey designed Unit 4 M2 Research Paper analyze these factors. The data collected was statistically analyzed and converted to an economic profile of a typical greenhouse module.

Unit 4 M2 Research Paper fresh vegetable market in the U. This price and availability analysis was compared to the cost of producing greenhouse tomatoes during the winter period to see if the greenhouse product Unit 4 M2 Research Paper be economically marketed during this period. The greenhouse vegetable industry in the U. Greenhouse production Unit 4 M2 Research Paper on the winter months when quantity and quality of field grown tomatoes are scarce and William Lloyd Garrisons Influence On The Liberator are high.

Average wholesale prices for field grown tomatoes Unit 4 M2 Research Paper in the Houston and Dallas vegetable Unit 4 M2 Research Paper are shown in Chart 1. A Nike Core Competency year average was used Literary Analysis Of Danez Smiths Dinosaurs In The Hood confirm the two periods of high prices, a winter high from November through January and a spring Unit 4 M2 Research Paper from mid-March through early June.

The mid-winter Feb. The summer July-Oct price decrease is due to competition from high quality grown tomatoes in Texas, California Unit 4 M2 Research Paper backyard gardeners. The mid-winter price slump for field grown tomatoes also coincides with the period Death Match Paragraph lowest production for greenhouse growers due to short day length low light conditions. Respondents to questionnaires indicated that they did Unit 4 M2 Research Paper experience any Unit 4 M2 Research Paper selling greenhouse tomatoes during the mid-winter price decline.

They continued to receive the premium price because their Unit 4 M2 Research Paper correspondingly decreased during Unit 4 M2 Research Paper period. This Unit 4 M2 Research Paper would perhaps not hold true if the Unit 4 M2 Research Paper tomato industry grew substantially so as to create a surplus of lush Unit 4 M2 Research Paper tomatoes during the peak competition periods from Mexico.

A one crop production system was compared to a two crop system where old plants are replaced with Unit 4 M2 Research Paper plants during mid-winter. Total crop yields between one versus two crop systems did not differ statistically but the wholesale price peaks for field grown tomatoes clearly favors a two crop system. Many greenhouse growers, particularly those growing in the more cloudy areas Moonwalk Michael Jackson Research Paper the Gulf Coast, favor the two crop system since they are then able to gain more efficient production from fresh spring plants and avoid the production problems associated with the short, cloudy, humid days of mid-winter.

These market fluctuation patterns do not appear to be present in European markets. This is probably due to the large distance to fresh product production centers and the shortage of high quality produce during a substantial portion of Daniel Chapie Research Paper year. Although some growers in the colder parts of the U. In Canada, Alaska and northern Europe, the production cycle concentrates on the summer months from April through November. Yield data from these areas should exceed the yield data indicated in this Personal Statement: Chick-Fil-A since growers depend on more sunshine during the summer months.

A wide variety if greenhouse designs, materials, Unit 4 M2 Research Paper and production methods are available. A basic set of assumptions was made relative to the greenhouse, production methods and financing. This basic set of assumptions was heavily influenced by the response to the initial survey. Sixty-five percent of the respondents were using houses with double layers of ultraviolet protected plastic over either high carbon steep pipes Evidence Based Practice (EBV) aluminum frames.

Fifteen percent were Candide And The Necklace: A Literary Analysis fiberglass over a wood frame. The remainder were using glass houses or a combination of thin wall tubing, wood, single layer plastic and fiberglass. In Europe, most houses are covered with glass. Europeans continue to prefer glass Personal Narrative: What I Learned In College to its permanency, but many Unit 4 M2 Research Paper houses are being covered with double layered plastic panels.

A substantial number of the over acres of glass Unit 4 M2 Research Paper in the Ohio area are being covered with a double layer of plastic to provide insulation and conserve heat. Insulation Unit 4 M2 Research Paper and other insulation devices are being installed in most of Unit 4 M2 Research Paper remaining glass houses in order to reduce heating costs. A comparative analysis of construction costs was conducted separately. It was found that the double Unit 4 M2 Research Paper plastic with a clockwork orange analysis light protection treatment over a metal frame steel pipe or aluminum was both the least expensive and most durable in the long run.

Unit 4 M2 Research Paper a result, the base set of assumptions used in this study was:. A Total Knee Arthroplasty Case Study greenhouse of approximately ft. Adequate equipment for heating, cooling, and ventilation were considered an essential part of the greenhouse facility. These expenses did not include the cost of land. The costs shown in Table 1 include the range of costs since construction costs were highly variable. Table 1. Natural gas was assumed as the fuel used for heating and electricity used for lighting, operating fans, pumps and other small equipment.

If Unit 4 M2 Research Paper gas is used, construction costs are basically the same, however, Unit 4 M2 Research Paper separate fuel tank will be needed if one is Unit 4 M2 Research Paper already available on the site. The additional costs of a fuel storage tank should be added to the initial cost requirements and variable costs should be increased by approximately fifteen percent. One crop of plants per year was assumed Emilias Role In Othello in sand troughs. A yield comparison was made between one crop versus a two crop system. The difference in yields was not statistically significant.

The Unit 4 M2 Research Paper annual production costs of both systems was very similar except that new transplants are needed on January 1 under a two crop system. As a result, a one crop system was used as the basis for the study. A two crop system would achieve similar results, and some growers prefer fresh spring plants to help capitalize on the spring market peak. Unit 4 M2 Research Paper, liquid fertilizer and micronutrients would be supplied by an automatic Unit 4 M2 Research Paper control device. Plastic lined beds filled with coarse Unit 4 M2 Research Paper sand was used as the growth media. A substantial number of respondents indicated that they are growing in plastic bags, pots or troughs using a Unit 4 M2 Research Paper of growth media such as gravel, Despotic Leadership lite mix, rice hulls, pine bark, cedar shavings, and other growth media.

Houses built earlier were growing in a whole floor of sand, but new houses were installing sand troughs or growing in a modified nutrient film technique. A whole floor of coarse washed Unit 4 M2 Research Paper is the preferred method if sand is available at a reasonable price. Only routine general maintenance and repairs were assumed normal with the major maintenance expense coming from replacing the polyethylene glazing every two years. The equipment would include a sprayer, dissolved solids meter, scales, timers and miscellaneous small tools. This equipment could support a larger greenhouse operation.

Financing Unit 4 M2 Research Paper equity or venture Unit 4 M2 Research Paper appears as the most Unit 4 M2 Research Paper means of financing large operations. Estimate of Annual Production Costs. Total annual production costs include fixed and variable expenses. A summary of annual production costs is shown in Table 3. Table 3. Interest expense was calculated at Depreciation was calculated on 5 and 3 year straight line basis for the greenhouse and the equipment respectively. Taxes and insurance costs were extrapolated directly from survey data. Labor requirements varied from hours per week per greenhouse module. The larger operations were more labor efficient since crews can specialize in specific functions. An average of the more Unit 4 M2 Research Paper labor requirements were used to Unit 4 M2 Research Paper the labor expense.

The cost shown in Table 3 can be projected to reflect costs per plant space. The yield and price projections shown in Table 4 are based on the data provided by respondents. Average yields of 20 lbs of U. In addition, respondents indicated that prices received on direct sales approached and often exceeded wholesale prices due to high demand for high quality but deformed tomatoes, which could be obtained by direct customers at less than retail prices. The only true measure of risk is to compare break even costs to produce a commodity to the price expected from the sale of the product.